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Programs not applicable 34 Montana Consumption and Revenues 35 Natural Gas Universal System Benefits Programs not applicable 36a Montana Conservation and Demand Side Mgmt., 5 CORPORATE ALLOCATIONS Sch. 6 AFFILIATE TRANSACTIONS - PRODUCTS & SERVICES PROVIDED TO UTILITY Charges % of Total Charges Affiliate Name Products & Services Method to Determine Price to Utility Affil., Regulated accounting is appropriate provided that (i) rates are established by or subject to approval by independent, third-party regulators, (ii) rates are designed to recover the specific enterprise's cost of service, and (iii) in view of demand for service, it is reasonable to assume that rates are set at levels that will recover costs and can be charged to and collected from customers., This would result in a charge to earnings and (AOCI), net of applicable income taxes, which could be material., This charge is recorded within operating expense, net on the Statements of Income.

& Services Method to Determine Price 2 Nonutility Subsidiaries Charges to Utili % of Total Affil., Regulated accounting is appropriate provided that (i) rates are established by or subject to approval by independent, third-party regulators, (ii) rates are designed to recover the specific enterprise's cost of service, and (iii) in view of demand for service, it is reasonable to assume that rates are set at levels that will recover costs and can be charged to and collected from customers., This would result in a charge to earnings, net of applicable income taxes, which could be material., All expenditures for maintenance and repairs of utility plant are charged to the appropriate maintenance expense accounts., On August 30, 2016, PNWS sent us a demand letter demanding that we enter into power purchase agreements for 21 solar projects and threatening to sue us for $106 million ifwe did not accede to its demand.

Conversely, when the consumer requires utility power, i t i s p rovided, and the utility charges for it., P a r t D – C a l c u l a t e t h e a n n u a l p roduction value of the PV produced electricity The current NorthWestern Energy kWh price for residential and general service (demand and non demand) electricity is available by calling NorthWestern Energy Customer Service at (888) 467-2669., (volts = watts/amps) (volts = amperes x resistance) Watt (W) - Electric measurement of power at a single point in time, as either capacity or demand., I n t h i s c a s e , e v e n i f t h e m a n u f a c t u rer’s component failure is covered, the contractor will often repair or replace the component with no labor charge., After the contractor’s “parts and labor” contract expires, the manufacturer component warranty doesn’t always include labor charges.

Montana law allows the Commission to approve changes to tariffs and schedules for rates charged by NorthWestern., NorthWestern’s proposed allocated cost of service and rate design for base rates associated with both the electric and natural gas utility services, including rate design changes that increase fixed monthly service fees and demand charges for non-residential electric and natural gas customers to be cost-based; 9., A new electric standby charge for non-residential electric customers, including approval of the proposed new tariff Schedule SESS-1; 21.

These charges are subject to regulation by State Utility Commissions and where appropriate, the Federal Regulatory Commission, Storage – Demand for natural gas varies depending on the season., We never demand prepaid cards, If NorthWestern Energy needs to upgrade or replace a meter, the cost of the new meter is not charged to the individual customer, • Any over payments will be applied to your NorthWestern Energy account and used to cover future charges.

Regulated accounting is appropriate provided that (i) rates are established by or subject to approval by independent, third-party regulators, (ii) rates are designed to recover the specific enterprise's cost of service, and (iii) in view of demand for service, it is reasonable to assume that rates are set at levels that will recover costs and can be charged to and collected from customers., This would result in a charge to earnings and AOCI, net of applicable income taxes, which could be material., All expenditures for maintenance and repairs of utility plant are charged to the appropriate maintenance expense accounts., If our credit rating were to fall below investment grade, the counterparties could require immediate payment or demand immediate and ongoing full overnight collateralization on contracts in net liability positions., This charge is recorded within operating expenses, net on the Statements of Income.

Building Design and Solar Radiation For the majority of Montana’s solar heat applications, the demand for heat is usually the greatest during the fall, winter, a n d e a r l y s p r i n g w h e n t h e d a y s a re the shortest, although this is not necessarily true for consumers installing solar domestic hot water systems, where usage patterns are fairly consistent throughout the year., Because of the “automatic” shutdown capabilities when there is no demand, drain back systems are popular and very convenient in applications where the heat load is not consistent., Closed-loop solar systems are the most vulnerable on hot, sunny days with little heat demand., This includes measures for air venting and maintaining the proper charge on the system, as well as controls to prevent unwanted thermosiphoning.

Programs Montana Consumption and Revenues Natural Gas Universal System Benefits Programs Montana Conservation and Demand Side Mgmt., Charges to MT Utili !!, This would result in a charge to earnings, net of applicable income taxes, which could be material., All expenditures for maintenance and repairs ofutility plant are charged to the appropriate maintenance expense accounts., Ifour credit rating were to fall below investment grade, the counterparties could require immediate payment or demand immediate and ongoing full overnight collateralization on contracts in net liability positions.

Regulated accounting is appropriate provided that (i) rates are established by or subject to approval by independent, third-party regulators, (ii) rates are designed to recover the specific enterprise's cost of service, and (iii) in view of demand for service, it is reasonable to assume that rates are set at levels that will recover costs and can be charged to and collected from customers., This would result in a charge to earnings and AOCI, net of applicable income taxes, which could be material., All expenditures for maintenance and repairs of utility plant are charged to the appropriate maintenance expense accounts., If our credit rating were to fall below investment grade, the counterparties could require immediate payment or demand immediate and ongoing full overnight collateralization on contracts in net liability positions., This charge is recorded within operating expenses, net on the Statements of Income.

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MT Conservation and Demand Side Mgmt., Programs Montana Consumption and Revenues Natural Gas Universal System Benefits Programs Montana Conservation and Demand Side Mgmt., ·•Overhead costs not charged directly are typically allocated based on a 3-factor formula consisting of gross plant, labor, and margin, This would result in a charge to earnings, net of applicable income taxes, which could be material., All expenditures for maintenance and repairs of utility plant are charged to the appropriate maintenance expense accounts.

Programs not applicable 34 Montana Consumption and Revenues 35 Natural Gas Universal System Benefits Programs not applicable 36a Montana Conservation and Demand Side Mgmt., Regulated accounting is appropriate provided that (i) rates are established by or subject to approval by independent, third-party regulators, (ii) rates are designed to recover the specific enterprise's cost of service, and (iii) in view of demand for service, it is reasonable to assume that rates are set at levels that will recover costs and can be charged to and collected from customers., This would result in a charge to earnings and AOCI, net of applicable income taxes, which could be material., All expenditures for maintenance and repairs of utility plant are charged to the appropriate maintenance expense accounts., If our credit rating were to fall below investment grade, the counterparties could require immediate payment or demand immediate and ongoing full overnight collateralization on contracts in net liability positions.

Conversely, when the consumer requires utility power, i t i s p rovided, and the utility charges for it., P a r t D – C a l c u l a t e t h e a n n u a l p roduction value of the PV produced electricity The current NorthWestern Energy kWh price for residential and general service (demand and non demand) electricity is available by calling NorthWestern Energy Customer Service at (888) 467-2669., (volts = watts/amps) (volts = amperes x resistance) Watt (W) - Electric measurement of power at a single point in time, as either capacity or demand., I n t h i s c a s e , e v e n i f t h e m a n u f a c t u rer’s component failure is covered, the contractor will often repair or replace the component with no labor charge., After the contractor’s “parts and labor” contract expires, the manufacturer component warranty doesn’t always include labor charges.

Load requirements during peak demand in excess of the 15 Company’s owned and long-term contracted resources are satisfied through market 16 purchases., The Company must undertake investments to meet growing peak demand needs 24 and provide for necessary maintenance and replacements of its utility systems as it 25 continues to provide safe and reliable service to its customers., [C]ertain types of adjustment clauses are more prevalent than others. 12 For example, those that address electric fuel and gas commodity charges 13 are in place in all jurisdictions., The proxy 20 utilities also benefit from adjustment clauses to include new capital investment without 21 requiring a traditional rate case and recover costs of environmental compliance 22 measures, as well as riders for energy conservation programs and transmission-related 23 charges. 24 47 S&P Global Market Intelligence, Adjustment Clause: A state-by-state overview, RRA Regulatory Focus (Jul. 18, 2022). 31 Q42., Other regulatory adjustment clauses 22 automatically recover costs associated with wholesale transmission and storms, along 23 with various taxes and expenses. 24 48 The PCCAM also allows for recovery of costs related to demand-side management programs. 49 Like the PCCAM, this tracker also includes recovery for demand-side management costs. 32 In contrast Montana has routinely relied on a historical test year approach that 1 creates a lag in cost recovery and, as discussed earlier, investors recognize that the 2 sharing mechanism under the PCCAM exposes the Company to unrecovered electric 3 supply costs. 50 Regulatory adjustment mechanisms have important implications for a 4 utility’s financial health and relative risk.

Programs not applicable 34 Montana Consumption and Revenues 35 Natural Gas Universal System Benefits Programs not applicable 36a Montana Conservation and Demand Side Mgmt., Regulated accounting is appropriate provided that (i) rates are established by or subject to approval by independent, third-party regulators, (ii) rates are designed to recover the specific enterprise's cost of service, and (iii) in view of demand for service, it is reasonable to assume that rates are set at levels that will recover costs and can be charged to and collected from customers., If our credit rating were to fall below investment grade, the counterparties could require immediate payment or demand immediate and ongoing full overnight collateralization on contracts in net liability positions., See Note 5 - Regulatory Assets and Liabilities, for further discussion on how these costs are recovered through rates charged to our customers., This charge is recorded within other income, net on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Demand-side resources are not considered in this RFP., As a result of this RFP, NorthWestern may select a single resource or a portfolio of solutions to best serve the needs of its customers and the reliability requirements of its South Dakota system. 2.1.3 Demand Side Capacity Resources Demand-side resources are not considered in this RFP. 2.1.4 Contracting Approach NorthWestern will review and evaluate any contracting structure that satisfies the requirements identified herein and would generally expect eligible capacity resources to be offered under an APA, B-T Agreement, or PPA/ESA in accordance with the agreement forms/term sheets included in RFP Appendix A (to be provided LATER)., • Charge/discharge to control renewable generation variability, be available for system peak, and to avoid curtailment of NorthWestern’s system, • Discharge during system peaks to offset peak demand., The ESS shall be capable of charge and discharge at a rate equal to the nameplate rating of the power conversion system.

The PCCAM Base is a forecast of costs and credits used to develop the rates 12 through which NorthWestern recovers power costs such as fuel and 13 purchased power expenses incurred to serve electric customers. 14 NorthWestern also recovers Demand Side Management (“DSM”) costs, 15 Montana Public Service Commission (“MPSC” or “Commission”) taxes, and 16 Montana Consumer Counsel (“MCC”) taxes pursuant to PCCAM tariff, 17 Schedule No., Our FERC-approved OATT allows us to charge certain rates for ancillary 11 services based on the cost of a defined mix of resources that provides the 12 services.

NORTHWESTERN CORPORATION (A direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of NorthWestern Energy Group, Inc.) | Financial Statements |For the Period Ending December 31, 2024

Overhead costs not charged directly are -1typically allocated based on a 3-factor formula consisting of gross plant, labor, and margin, Q_D_etermine _price Charges to U!, Charges to MT Utili !!, This wou ld result in a charge to earnings, net of app licabl e income taxes, which could be material., All expenditures for maintenance and repairs of utility plant are charged to the appropriate maintenance expense accounts.

Programs not applicable 34 Montana Consumption and Revenues 35 Natural Gas Universal System Benefits Programs not applicable 36a Montana Conservation and Demand Side Mgmt., Regulated accounting is appropriate provided that (i) rates are established by or subject to approval by independent, third-party regulators, (ii) rates are designed to recover the specific enterprise's cost of service, and (iii) in view of demand for service, it is reasonable to assume that rates are set at levels that will recover costs and can be charged to and collected from customers., This would result in a charge to earnings and AOCI, net of applicable income taxes, which could be material., All expenditures for maintenance and repairs of utility plant are charged to the appropriate maintenance expense accounts., This charge is recorded within operating expenses, net on the Statements of Income.